|
|
|
Registros recuperados: 26 | |
|
|
Schmitt,Djalma Eugênio; Comin,Jucinei José; Ceretta,Carlos Alberto; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Tiecher,Tales; Lorensini,Felipe; Heinzen,Janaina; Ambrosini,Vítor Gabriel; Moraes,Marcel Pires de; Brunetto,Gustavo. |
In vineyards, if phosphate is applied both before planting and at intervals during growth without consideration of technical criteria, the soil P fractions may be increased and their proportions altered. This study was carried out to evaluate the accumulation of P fractions and the parameters of the adsorption isotherm in a sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in vineyards with a history of successive and excessive phosphate fertilization. In December 2010, two vineyards were selected, one 4 and the other 15 years old, in Urussanga, State of Santa Catarina (Brazil). Three trenches were dug in each area and soil was collected from the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm depth ranges. The soil samples were dried in a forced-air oven, sieved and subjected to chemical analyses, P... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Phosphate fertilization; Phosphorus chemical fractionation; Phosphorus adsorption isotherms; Environmental contamination; Vitis sp. |
Ano: 2013 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832013000500015 |
| |
|
|
Valois,Cassio Marques de; Comin,Jucinei José; Veiga,Milton da; Brunetto,Gustavo; Fayad,Jamil Abdalla; Bauer,Fernando Cesar; Loss,Arcângelo; Moraes,Marcel Pires de; Lazzari,Cleiton Junior Ribeiro. |
Em vinhedos, o tráfego de máquinas agrícolas causa compactação do solo que pode ser mais acentuada nas entrelinhas pela maior intensidade de tráfego. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a variabilidade dos atributos físicos do solo em razão da posição de amostragem em relação à linha de plantio, em vinhedos comerciais da variedade Bordô em pé franco, submetidos a diferentes manejos da cultura. Em fevereiro de 2012, três vinhedos foram selecionados no município de Major Gercino (SC), sendo um manejado sem a utilização de máquinas agrícolas (vinhedo 1: com seis anos de implantação) e dois que utilizam máquinas nas entrelinhas (vinhedos 2 e 3: com oito e 17 anos, respectivamente). Na linha de plantio (Lp), na linha do rodado (Lr) e entre a linha de plantio e a... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Variabilidade de atributos físicos do solo; Vitis labrusca; Análise de componentes principais. |
Ano: 2014 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832014000400022 |
| |
|
|
Loss,Arcângelo; Basso,Alex; Oliveira,Bruno Salvador; Koucher,Leôncio de Paula; Oliveira,Rodolfo Assis de; Kurtz,Claudinei; Lovato,Paulo Emílio; Curmi,Pierre; Brunetto,Gustavo; Comin,Jucinei José. |
Decorrente dos sistemas de manejo empregados no solo, como o sistema de preparo convencional (SPC) versus o sistema de plantio direto de hortaliças (SPDH), modificações nos atributos edáficos ocorrem; por exemplo, nos índices de agregação do solo e seu teor de carbono orgânico total (COT). Objetivaram-se quantificar os teores de COT e avaliar os índices de agregação do solo e a distribuição dos agregados por classes de diâmetro sob cultivo de cebola em SPDH e SPC, comparados a uma área de mata adjacente em Ituporanga, SC. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da semeadura de plantas de cobertura, solteiras e consorciadas, em SPDH: vegetação espontânea (VE); 100 % aveia; 100 % centeio; 100 % nabo-forrageiro; consórcio de nabo-forrageiro (14 %) e centeio (86 %); e... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Sistema plantio direto de hortaliças; Plantas de cobertura; Índices de agregação; Análise de componentes principais. |
Ano: 2015 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832015000401212 |
| |
|
|
Brunetto,Gustavo; Comin,Jucinei José; Schmitt,Djalma Eugênio; Guardini,Renato; Mezzari,Célito Pescador; Oliveira,Bruno Salvador; Moraes,Marcel Pires de; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Lovato,Paulo Emilio; Ceretta,Carlos Alberto. |
Successive applications of liquid swine waste to the soil can increase the contents of total organic carbon and nutrients and change acidity-related soil chemical properties. However, little information is available on the effects of swine waste application in solid form, as of swine deep-litter. The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations of organic carbon and acidity-related properties of a soil after eight years of pig slurry and deep-litter application. In the eighth year of a field experiment established in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina (SC) on a sandy Typic Hapludalf samples were taken (layers 0-2.5; 2.5-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20 and 20-30 cm) from unfertilized plots and plots with pig slurry or deep-litter applications, providing the simple... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Manure; Water pH; Base saturation; Aluminum saturation; No tillage. |
Ano: 2012 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832012000500026 |
| |
|
|
Santos,Luiz Henrique dos; Canton,Ludiana; Ventura,Barbara Santos; Ferreira,Guilherme Wilbert; Kurtz,Claudinei; Brunetto,Gustavo; Comin,Jucinei José; Lovato,Paulo Emílio; Loss,Arcângelo. |
ABSTRACT Nutrients present in soil aggregates are essential for maintaining the productive capacity of agroecosystems and environmental quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical properties of macroaggregates of a Humic Dystrudept cultivated with onions under a no-till vegetable system (NTVS) compared to the conventional tillage system (CTS) and a forest area in Ituporanga, SC, Brazil. The treatments consisted of the following single and mixed cover crops with onion under the NTVS: spontaneous vegetation, 100 % black oats, 100 % rye, 100 % oilseed radish, intercropped oilseed radish (14 %) + rye (86 %), and intercropped oilseed radish (14 %) + black oat (86 %). Additionally, we evaluated two areas, one with onion grown under the CTS for... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Sustainable agriculture nutrients; Soil structure Alliun cepa L. organic carbon in aggregates. |
Ano: 2017 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832017000100515 |
| |
|
|
Oliveira,Rodolfo Assis de; Brunetto,Gustavo; Loss,Arcângelo; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Kürtz,Claudinei; Müller Júnior,Vilmar; Lovato,Paulo Emílio; Oliveira,Bruno Salvador; Souza,Monique; Comin,Jucinei José. |
ABSTRACT Cover crops contribute to nutrient cycling and may improve soil chemical properties and, consequently, increase crop yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate cover crop residue decomposition and nutrient release, and the effects of these plants on soil chemical properties and on onion (Allium cepa L.) yield in a no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in an Inceptisol in southern Brazil, where cover crops were sown in April 2012 and 2013. In July 2013, shoots of weeds (WD), black oats (BO), rye (RY), oilseed radish (RD), oilseed radish + black oats (RD + BO), and oilseed radish + rye (RD + RY) were cut at ground level and part of these material from each treatment was placed in litter bags. The litter bags were distributed on the... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Allium cepa; Nutrient cycling; No-till system. |
Ano: 2016 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832016000100520 |
| |
|
|
Ambrosini,Vítor Gabriel; Voges,Joana Gerent; Canton,Ludiana; Couto,Rafael da Rosa; Ferreira,Paulo Ademar Avelar; Comin,Jucinei José; Melo,George Wellington Bastos de; Brunetto,Gustavo; Soares,Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa. |
Abstract High copper (Cu) levels in uprooted old vineyard soils may cause toxicity in transplanted young vines, although such toxicity may be reduced by inoculating plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF on the plant growth, chlorophyll contents, mycorrhizal colonization, and Cu and phosphorus (P) absorption in young vines cultivated in a vineyard soil contaminated by Cu. Commercial vineyard soil with high Cu levels was placed in plastic tubes and transplanted with young vines, which were inoculated with six AMF species (Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora gigantea, Acaulospora morrowiae, A. colombiana, Rhizophagus clarus, R. irregularis) and a control treatment on randomized blocks... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Mycorrhizae; Trace elements; Phosphorus; Vitis sp. |
Ano: 2015 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822015000401045 |
| |
|
| |
|
|
Tiecher,Tadeu Luis; Ceretta,Carlos Alberto; Comin,Jucinei José; Girotto,Eduardo; Miotto,Alcione; Moraes,Marcel Pires de; Benedet,Lucas; Ferreira,Paulo Ademar Avelar; Lorenzi,Cledimar Rogério; Couto,Rafael da Rosa; Brunetto,Gustavo. |
Successive applications of pig slurry and pig deep litter may lead to an accumulation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fractions in the soil profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Cu and Zn forms and accumulation in a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter. In March 2010, eight years after initiating an experiment in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, on a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil, soil samples were collected from the 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers in treatments consisting of no manure application (control) and with applications of pig slurry and deep litter at two levels: the single and double rate of N requirement for maize and black oat succession. The soil was dried,... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Manure; Trace elements; Chemical fractionation; Environmental contamination. |
Ano: 2013 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832013000300028 |
| |
|
|
Regensburger,Brigite; Comin,Jucinei José; Aumond,Juares José. |
Este trabalho trata da recuperação de áreas degradadas pela mineração da fração argila em Doutor Pedrinho-SC. O estudo utilizou técnicas para integrar o solo, as plantas e os animais. Testaram-se dois níveis de topografia, regular e irregular, dois níveis de adubação, orgânica e química, e dois níveis de serapilheira, com e sem. A espécie arbórea selecionada foi a leguminosa Mimosa scabrella (bracatinga). Poleiros artificiais foram instalados na área a fim de incrementar o número de sementes provenientes de áreas vizinhas pelos devidos dispersores. Aos nove meses de avaliação, a partir das análises químicas de solo, não foram verificados incrementos nutricionais. A bracatinga apresentou índice de sobrevivência superior a 92%, enquanto que a cobertura do... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Bracatinga. |
Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782008000600046 |
| |
|
|
Comin,Jucinei José; Ambrosini,Vítor Gabriel; Rosa,Daniel José; Basso,Alex; Loss,Arcângelo; Melo,George Wellington Bastos de; Lovato,Paulo Emílio; Lourenzi,Cledimar Rogério; Ricachenevsky,Felipe Klein; Brunetto,Gustavo. |
ABSTRACT: Soils which are cultivated with grapevines have high available copper (Cu) content, which can be toxic to cover crops cohabiting vineyards, such as black oats. This study aimed to assess the effect of liming in reducing Cu toxicity in black oats grown in sandy soils. Samples of a Typic Hapludalf were collected at 0-20cm, dried and subjected to the addition of Cu (0 to 50Mg kg-1) and limestone (0, 1.5, and 3.0Mg ha-1). The soil was placed in a rhizobox and black oats were grown for 30 days. We assessed root and shoot dry matter production, copper (Cu), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents in the tissues; Cu content in the root symplast and apoplast, as well as Cu, carbon and pH values in the rhizosphere and bulk soil. Liming reduced Cu... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Heavy metal; Phytotoxicity; Limestone; Rhizosphere.. |
Ano: 2018 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782018000400252 |
| |
|
|
Souza,Monique; Comin,Jucinei José; Leguizamón,Eduardo Sixto; Kurtz,Claudinei; Brunetto,Gustavo; Müller Júnior,Vilmar; Ventura,Bárbara; Camargo,Ana Paula. |
O cultivo e a deposição de resíduos de plantas de cobertura em sistema plantio direto podem afetar os atributos químicos do solo e a produção de cebola. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura sobre a produção de cebola e sobre os atributos químicos do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) agroecológico. O experimento foi conduzido na EPAGRI, em Ituporanga (SC), em um Cambissolo Húmico, nas safras de 2010 e 2011. Em abril, foram implantados os tratamentos: testemunha com vegetação espontânea (T1); cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) (T2); centeio (T3); nabo-forrageiro (T4); centeio + nabo-forrageiro (T5); e cevada (2010)/aveia-preta (2011) + nabo-forrageiro (T6). Aos 60, 80 e 95 dias após a semeadura (DAS) das espécies... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Adubação verde; Disponibilidade de nutrientes; Allium cepa L.. |
Ano: 2013 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782013000100004 |
| |
|
|
Couto,Rafael da Rosa; Comin,Jucinei José; Soares,Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa; Belli Filho,Paulo; Benedet,Lucas; Moraes,Marcel Pires de; Brunetto,Gustavo; Beber,Caetano Luiz. |
The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiological and chemical attributes of a soil with a seven‑year history of urea and swine manure application. In the period from October 2008 to October 2009, soil samples were collected in the 0-10 cm layer and were subjected to the treatments: control, without application of urea or manure; and with the application of urea, pig slurry, and deep pig litter in two doses, in order to supply one or two times the recommended N doses for the maize (Zea mays)/black oat (Avena strigosa) crop succession. The carbon of the microbial biomass (MB‑C) and the basal respiration (C‑CO2) were analyzed, and the metabolic (qCO2) and microbial quotient (qmic) were calculated with the obtained data. Organic matter, pH in... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Environmental quality; No‑tillage; Pig slurry; Soil quality; Swine production. |
Ano: 2013 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-204X2013000700010 |
| |
|
|
Koucher,Leoncio de Paula; Brunetto,Gustavo; Müller Júnior,Vilmar; Souza,Monique; Lima,Andria Paula; Giacomini,Sandro José; Couto,Rafael da Rosa; Kurtz,Claudinei; Carranca,Corina Luisa Videira de Abreu Fernandes; Comin,Jucinei José. |
ABSTRACT Nitrogen derived from cover crop residues may contribute to the nutrition of onion grown under minimum tillage (MT) and cultivated in rotation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the N transferred from different cover crop residues to the onion crop cultivated under MT in southern Brazil. In June 2014, oilseed radish, black oat, and oilseed radish + black oat residues labeled with 15N were deposited on the soil surface before transplanting onions. During the growth season and at harvest, young expanded onion leaves, complete plants, and samples from different soil layers were collected and analyzed for recovery of 15N-labeled residue. Oilseed radish decomposed faster than other residues and 4 % of residue N was recovered in leaves and bulbs at... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Allium cepa L.; Plant 15N recovery; Residue N; Plant N partition; Soil 15N. |
Ano: 2017 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832017000100528 |
| |
|
|
Müller Júnior,Vilmar; Koucher,Leoncio de Paula; Souza,Monique; Lima,Andria Paula; Kurtz,Claudinei; Couto,Rafael da Rosa; Lovato,Paulo Emílio; Giacomini,Sandro José; Brunetto,Gustavo; Comin,Jucinei José. |
ABSTRACT The use of cover crops and poultry manure (PM) is an alternative to reduce the use of synthetic inputs and can contribute to the nutrient cycling in onions ( Allium cepa L.) grown under a no-tillage system. However, this management practice may contribute to an increase in N2O emissions to the atmosphere. The aims of this study were to evaluate the immediate effect on N2O emissions of adding PM onto cover crop residues and to verify the effect of different no-tillage systems on N2O emissions. Two studies (laboratory and field) were conducted with the addition of oilseed radish (OR), black oat (BO), and weed (WD) residues with and without PM under a no-tillage (NT) system. Emission of N2O (kg ha-1) was influenced by the different residue-management... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: N2O; Nitrogen; Cover crop residue; Organic fertilizer; Greenhouse gases. |
Ano: 2019 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832019000100511 |
| |
|
|
Sete,Paula Beatriz; Melo,George Wellington Bastos de; Oliveira,Bruno Salvador; Freitas,Rafael Fernando; Magro,Renan Dal; Ambrosini,Vitor Gabriel; Trapp,Talita; Comin,Jucinei José; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Brunetto,Gustavo. |
A aplicação de composto orgânico no solo pode incrementar a produção de pêssego, porém parte do N pode ser perdido por lixiviação e volatilização. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional das plantas, a produção de pêssego, a lixiviação de formas de N no solo e a volatilização de N-NH3 em um pomar de pessegueiro com a adição de composto orgânico produzido a partir de resíduos de agroindústrias de suco, resíduos de abatedouro de aves e serragem. O pomar foi implantado em 2009 e, em julho de 2010, 2011 e 2012, foram aplicados 0, 3, 6, 12 e 24L de composto por m2 e avaliaram-se os teores totais de nutrientes nas folhas e a produção. Em 2012, usando lisímetros instalados a 20 e a 40cm de profundidade, avaliaram-se as formas de N lixiviadas na solução... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Resíduo orgânico; N mineral; Prunus persica. |
Ano: 2015 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782015000400651 |
| |
|
|
Guardini,Renato; Comin,Jucinei José; Santos,Danilo Rheinheimer dos; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Tiecher,Tales; Schmitt,Djalma; Bender,Marcos Antônio; Belli Filho,Paulo; Oliveira,Paulo Amando Victoria de; Brunetto,Gustavo. |
Successive applications of pig litter to the soil surface can increase the phosphorus (P) content and alter its adsorption, promoting P transfer to surface or subsurface waters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate P accumulation and the pollution potential of a soil after application of pig litter. In March 2010, eight years after the installation of an experiment in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil, on a Typic Hapludult, soil was sampled (layers 0-2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-30 cm) after the following fertilization treatments: no pig litter fertilization, pig slurry application and pig manure application. In this period, 694 and 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 were applied in the treatments with pig slurry and pig manure, respectively. The P... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Organic fertilization; Deep litter; Environmental contamination. |
Ano: 2012 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832012000400027 |
| |
|
|
Tiecher,Tales; Brunetto,Gustavo; Rheinheimer,Danilo; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Comin,Jucinei José; Schmitt,Djalma Eugênio; Tiecher,Tadeu Luis; Ambrosini,Vítor Gabriel. |
ABSTRACT: This study evaluated P pools after nine years of successive application of either pig slurry (PS) or deep pig litter (DL) in a no-till Ultisol from southern Brazil. The experiment was established in Dec 2002 with the treatments control, application of 90 and 180 kg N ha−1 N as PS and as DL. In Mar 2010, soil samples were taken at six layers up to 30 cm deep. Total organic and inorganic P were assessed by the ignition method, and P compounds classes were evaluated by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Total soil P increased proportionally with the P amount applied via DL and PS. Only DL application increased soil organic P, mainly at the highest dose and in the uppermost soil layers. The application of high doses of manure to these soils under no-till to meet... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: P-NMR; Organic P; Manure; Orthophosphate. |
Ano: 2021 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162021000301403 |
| |
|
|
Schmitt,Djalma Eugênio; Brunetto,Gustavo; Santos,Elaine dos; Wagner,Winiciu de Lima; Sete,Paula Beatriz; Souza,Monique; Ambrosini,Vítor Gabriel; Santos,Matheus Ademir dos; Tiecher,Tales; Comin,Jucinei José; Couto,Rafael da Rosa; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Giachini,Admir. |
ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) applications at dosages higher than the necessary may cause P buildup in the soil labile fractions and, consequently, pollution of water sources. This study aimed to assess accumulation of P fractions as well as the parameters of adsorption isotherms in soil profiles having a history of application of phosphate fertilizers and cultivated with apple trees. Soil samples were collected from an area with no history of cultivation and 2 apple orchards cultivated for 8 (P8) and 18 (P18) years, in the city of Urubici, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Soil samples were air dried, sieved in a 2-mm mesh, and subjected to chemical analyses (P adsorption) besides P chemical fractionation. Applications of phosphate fertilizers to the orchards,... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Apple orchard; Phosphate fertilization; P chemical fractionation. |
Ano: 2017 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0006-87052017000300422 |
| |
|
|
Schmitt,Djalma Eugênio; Comin,Jucinei José; Gatiboni,Luciano Colpo; Tiecher,Tales; Lorensini,Felipe; Melo,George Wellington Bastos de; Girotto,Eduardo; Guardini,Renato; Heinzen,Janaína; Brunetto,Gustavo. |
Phosphorus (P) applications to vineyards can cause P accumulation in the soil and maximize pollution risks. This study was carried out to quantify the accumulation of P fractions in sandy soils of vineyards in southern Brazil. Soil samples (layers 0-5, 6-10 and 11-20 cm) were collected from a native grassland area and two vineyards, after 14 years (vineyard 1) and 30 years (vineyard 2) of cultivation, in Santana do Livramento, southern Brazil, and subjected to chemical fractionation of P. Phosphorus application, especially to the 30-year-old vineyard 2, increased the inorganic P content down to a depth of 20 cm, mainly in the labile fractions extracted by anion-exchange resin and NaHCO3, in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 and 0.5 mol L-1... |
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Phosphate fertilization; Eutrophication; Vineyards. |
Ano: 2013 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832013000200018 |
| |
Registros recuperados: 26 | |
|
|
|